Sql left join
Содержание:
What is Inner Join in SQL?
The INNER JOIN selects all rows from both participating tables as long as there is a match between the columns. An SQL INNER JOIN is same as JOIN clause, combining rows from two or more tables.
Syntax:
SELECT * FROM table1 INNER JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;
OR
SELECT * FROM table1 JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;
Pictorial Presentation:
The INNER JOIN in SQL joins two tables according to the matching of a certain criteria using a comparison operator.
Syntax diagram — INNER JOIN
Example: SQL INNER JOIN between two tables
Here is an example of inner join in SQL between two tables.
Sample table: foods
Sample table: company
To join item name, item unit columns from foods table and company name, company city columns from company table, with the following condition —
1. company_id of foods and company table must be same,
the following SQL statement can be used :
SQL Code:
Output:
ITEM_NAME ITEM_ COMPANY_NAME COMPANY_CITY ------------------------- ----- ------------------------- -------------- Chex Mix Pcs Akas Foods Delhi Cheez-It Pcs Jack Hill Ltd London BN Biscuit Pcs Jack Hill Ltd London Mighty Munch Pcs Foodies. London Pot Rice Pcs Jack Hill Ltd London Jaffa Cakes Pcs Order All Boston
Example of SQL INNER JOIN using JOIN keyword
To get item name, item unit columns from foods table and company name, company city columns from company table, after joining these mentioned tables, with the following condition —
1. company id of foods and company id of company table must be same,
the following SQL statement can be used:
SQL Code:
Output:
ITEM_NAME ITEM_ COMPANY_NAME COMPANY_CITY ------------------------- ----- ------------------------- ------------- Chex Mix Pcs Akas Foods Delhi Cheez-It Pcs Jack Hill Ltd London BN Biscuit Pcs Jack Hill Ltd London Mighty Munch Pcs Foodies. London Pot Rice Pcs Jack Hill Ltd London Jaffa Cakes Pcs Order All Boston
Pictorial Presentation:
SQL INNER JOIN (simple join)
Chances are, you’ve already written a SQL statement that uses an SQL INNER JOIN. It is the most common type of SQL join. SQL INNER JOINS return all rows from multiple tables where the join condition is met.
Syntax
The syntax for the INNER JOIN in SQL is:
SELECT columns FROM table1 INNER JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;
Visual Illustration
In this visual diagram, the SQL INNER JOIN returns the shaded area:
The SQL INNER JOIN would return the records where table1 and table2 intersect.
Example
Let’s look at an example of how to use the INNER JOIN in a query.
In this example, we have a table called customers with the following data:
| customer_id | last_name | first_name | favorite_website |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4000 | Jackson | Joe | techonthenet.com |
| 5000 | Smith | Jane | digminecraft.com |
| 6000 | Ferguson | Samantha | bigactivities.com |
| 7000 | Reynolds | Allen | checkyourmath.com |
| 8000 | Anderson | Paige | NULL |
| 9000 | Johnson | Derek | techonthenet.com |
And a table called orders with the following data:
| order_id | customer_id | order_date |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7000 | 2016/04/18 |
| 2 | 5000 | 2016/04/18 |
| 3 | 8000 | 2016/04/19 |
| 4 | 4000 | 2016/04/20 |
| 5 | NULL | 2016/05/01 |
Enter the following SQL statement:
Try It
SELECT customers.customer_id, orders.order_id, orders.order_date FROM customers INNER JOIN orders ON customers.customer_id = orders.customer_id ORDER BY customers.customer_id;
There will be 4 records selected. These are the results that you should see:
| customer_id | order_id | order_date |
|---|---|---|
| 4000 | 4 | 2016/04/20 |
| 5000 | 2 | 2016/04/18 |
| 7000 | 1 | 2016/04/18 |
| 8000 | 3 | 2016/04/19 |
This example would return all rows from the customers and orders tables where there is a matching customer_id value in both the customers and orders tables.
The rows where customer_id is equal to 6000 and 9000 in the customers table would be omitted, since they do not exist in both tables. The row where the order_id is 5 from the orders table would be omitted, since the customer_id of NULL does not exist in the customers table.
Old Syntax
As a final note, it is worth mentioning that the INNER JOIN example above could be rewritten using the older implicit syntax as follows (but we still recommend using the INNER JOIN keyword syntax):
Try It
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ABS
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AVG
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SQL OperatorsSQL Data TypesSQL Quick Ref
SQL References
SQL Keywords
ADD
ADD CONSTRAINT
ALTER
ALTER COLUMN
ALTER TABLE
ALL
AND
ANY
AS
ASC
BACKUP DATABASE
BETWEEN
CASE
CHECK
COLUMN
CONSTRAINT
CREATE
CREATE DATABASE
CREATE INDEX
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW
CREATE TABLE
CREATE PROCEDURE
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX
CREATE VIEW
DATABASE
DEFAULT
DELETE
DESC
DISTINCT
DROP
DROP COLUMN
DROP CONSTRAINT
DROP DATABASE
DROP DEFAULT
DROP INDEX
DROP TABLE
DROP VIEW
EXEC
EXISTS
FOREIGN KEY
FROM
FULL OUTER JOIN
GROUP BY
HAVING
IN
INDEX
INNER JOIN
INSERT INTO
INSERT INTO SELECT
IS NULL
IS NOT NULL
JOIN
LEFT JOIN
LIKE
LIMIT
NOT
NOT NULL
OR
ORDER BY
OUTER JOIN
PRIMARY KEY
PROCEDURE
RIGHT JOIN
ROWNUM
SELECT
SELECT DISTINCT
SELECT INTO
SELECT TOP
SET
TABLE
TOP
TRUNCATE TABLE
UNION
UNION ALL
UNIQUE
UPDATE
VALUES
VIEW
WHERE
MySQL Functions
String Functions
ASCII
CHAR_LENGTH
CHARACTER_LENGTH
CONCAT
CONCAT_WS
FIELD
FIND_IN_SET
FORMAT
INSERT
INSTR
LCASE
LEFT
LENGTH
LOCATE
LOWER
LPAD
LTRIM
MID
POSITION
REPEAT
REPLACE
REVERSE
RIGHT
RPAD
RTRIM
SPACE
STRCMP
SUBSTR
SUBSTRING
SUBSTRING_INDEX
TRIM
UCASE
UPPER
Numeric Functions
ABS
ACOS
ASIN
ATAN
ATAN2
AVG
CEIL
CEILING
COS
COT
COUNT
DEGREES
DIV
EXP
FLOOR
GREATEST
LEAST
LN
LOG
LOG10
LOG2
MAX
MIN
MOD
PI
POW
POWER
RADIANS
RAND
ROUND
SIGN
SIN
SQRT
SUM
TAN
TRUNCATE
Date Functions
ADDDATE
ADDTIME
CURDATE
CURRENT_DATE
CURRENT_TIME
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
CURTIME
DATE
DATEDIFF
DATE_ADD
DATE_FORMAT
DATE_SUB
DAY
DAYNAME
DAYOFMONTH
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EXTRACT
FROM_DAYS
HOUR
LAST_DAY
LOCALTIME
LOCALTIMESTAMP
MAKEDATE
MAKETIME
MICROSECOND
MINUTE
MONTH
MONTHNAME
NOW
PERIOD_ADD
PERIOD_DIFF
QUARTER
SECOND
SEC_TO_TIME
STR_TO_DATE
SUBDATE
SUBTIME
SYSDATE
TIME
TIME_FORMAT
TIME_TO_SEC
TIMEDIFF
TIMESTAMP
TO_DAYS
WEEK
WEEKDAY
WEEKOFYEAR
YEAR
YEARWEEK
Advanced Functions
BIN
BINARY
CASE
CAST
COALESCE
CONNECTION_ID
CONV
CONVERT
CURRENT_USER
DATABASE
IF
IFNULL
ISNULL
LAST_INSERT_ID
NULLIF
SESSION_USER
SYSTEM_USER
USER
VERSION
SQL Server Functions
String Functions
ASCII
CHAR
CHARINDEX
CONCAT
Concat with +
CONCAT_WS
DATALENGTH
DIFFERENCE
FORMAT
LEFT
LEN
LOWER
LTRIM
NCHAR
PATINDEX
QUOTENAME
REPLACE
REPLICATE
REVERSE
RIGHT
RTRIM
SOUNDEX
SPACE
STR
STUFF
SUBSTRING
TRANSLATE
TRIM
UNICODE
UPPER
Numeric Functions
ABS
ACOS
ASIN
ATAN
ATN2
AVG
CEILING
COUNT
COS
COT
DEGREES
EXP
FLOOR
LOG
LOG10
MAX
MIN
PI
POWER
RADIANS
RAND
ROUND
SIGN
SIN
SQRT
SQUARE
SUM
TAN
Date Functions
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
DATEADD
DATEDIFF
DATEFROMPARTS
DATENAME
DATEPART
DAY
GETDATE
GETUTCDATE
ISDATE
MONTH
SYSDATETIME
YEAR
Advanced Functions
CAST
COALESCE
CONVERT
CURRENT_USER
IIF
ISNULL
ISNUMERIC
NULLIF
SESSION_USER
SESSIONPROPERTY
SYSTEM_USER
USER_NAME
MS Access Functions
String Functions
Asc
Chr
Concat with &
CurDir
Format
InStr
InstrRev
LCase
Left
Len
LTrim
Mid
Replace
Right
RTrim
Space
Split
Str
StrComp
StrConv
StrReverse
Trim
UCase
Numeric Functions
Abs
Atn
Avg
Cos
Count
Exp
Fix
Format
Int
Max
Min
Randomize
Rnd
Round
Sgn
Sqr
Sum
Val
Date Functions
Date
DateAdd
DateDiff
DatePart
DateSerial
DateValue
Day
Format
Hour
Minute
Month
MonthName
Now
Second
Time
TimeSerial
TimeValue
Weekday
WeekdayName
Year
Other Functions
CurrentUser
Environ
IsDate
IsNull
IsNumeric
SQL OperatorsSQL Data TypesSQL Quick Ref
SQL INNER JOIN examples
SQL INNER JOIN – querying data from two tables example
In this example, we will use the and tables in the sample database. The following picture illustrates the database diagram.
In the diagram above:
- One category can have many products.
- One product belongs to one and only one category.
Therefore, there is a many-to-one relationship between the rows in the table and rows in the table. The link between the two tables is the column.
We need to query the following data from both tables:
- , from the table.
- from the table.
The following query retrieves data from both tables:
|
1 2 3 4 5 6 |
SELECT productID,productName,categoryName FROM products INNERJOIN categoriesONcategories.categoryID=products.categoryID; |
The join condition is specified in the clause after the keyword as the expression:
| 1 | categories.categoryID=products.categoryID |
For each row in the table, the query finds a corresponding row in the table that has the sameIf there is a match between two rows in both tables, it returns a row that contains columns specified in the SELECT clause i.e., product id, product name and category name; otherwise, it checks the next row in table to find the matching row in the table. This process continues until the last row of the products table is examined.
SQL INNER JOIN – querying data from three tables
We can use the same techniques for joining three tables. The following query selects , , and from the , and tables:
|
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 |
SELECT productID, productName, categoryName, companyNameASsupplier FROM products INNERJOIN categoriesONcategories.categoryID=products.categoryID INNERJOIN suppliersONsuppliers.supplierID=products.supplierID |
Всё кроме пересечения
Остался один вариант, тот когда исключено пересечение множеств. Его можно сложить из двух предыдущих запросов через UNION ALL (т.к. подмножества не пересекаются).
(SELECT p.id, p.name `Имя сотрудника`, ps.id `pos.id`, ps.name `Должность`
FROM `persons` p
LEFT OUTER JOIN `positions` ps ON ps.id = p.post_id
WHERE ps.id is NULL)
UNION ALL
(SELECT p.id, p.name `Имя сотрудника`, ps.id `pos.id`, ps.name `Должность`
FROM `persons` p
RIGHT OUTER JOIN `positions` ps ON ps.id = p.post_id
WHERE p.id is NULL)
|
1 |
(SELECTp.id,p.name`Имясотрудника`,ps.id`pos.id`,ps.name`Должность` FROM`persons`p LEFT OUTER JOIN`positions`ps ON ps.id=p.post_id WHERE ps.id isNULL) UNION ALL (SELECTp.id,p.name`Имясотрудника`,ps.id`pos.id`,ps.name`Должность` FROM`persons`p RIGHT OUTER JOIN`positions`ps ON ps.id=p.post_id WHEREp.id isNULL) |
INNER JOIN ON vs WHERE clause
The WHERE clause, what is done is that all records that match the WHERE condition are included in the result set but an INNER JOIN is that, data not matching the JOIN condition is excluded from the result set.
Linking between two or more tables should be done using an INNER JOIN ON clause but filtering on individual data elements should be done with WHERE clause.
INNER JOIN is ANSI syntax whereas the WHERE syntax is more relational model oriented.
The INNER JOIN is generally considered more readable and it is a cartesian product of the tables, especially when you join lots of tables but the result of two tables JOIN’ed can be filtered on matching columns using the WHERE clause.
INNER JOINS: Relational Databases
- Oracle INNER JOIN
- MySQL INNER JOIN
- SQLite INNER JOIN
- PostgreSQL INNER JOIN
Key points to remember
Click on the following to get the slides presentation —
Полное множество
MySQL не знает соединения FULL OUTER JOIN. Что если нужно получить полное множество?
Первый способ — объединение запросов LEFT и RIGHT.
(SELECT p.id, p.name `Имя сотрудника`, ps.id `pos.id`, ps.name `Должность`
FROM `persons` p
LEFT OUTER JOIN `positions` ps ON ps.id = p.post_id)
UNION
(SELECT p.id, p.name `Имя сотрудника`, ps.id `pos.id`, ps.name `Должность`
FROM `persons` p
RIGHT OUTER JOIN `positions` ps ON ps.id = p.post_id)
|
1 |
(SELECTp.id,p.name`Имясотрудника`,ps.id`pos.id`,ps.name`Должность` FROM`persons`p LEFT OUTER JOIN`positions`ps ON ps.id=p.post_id) UNION (SELECTp.id,p.name`Имясотрудника`,ps.id`pos.id`,ps.name`Должность` FROM`persons`p RIGHT OUTER JOIN`positions`ps ON ps.id=p.post_id) |
При таком вызове UNION, после слияния результатов, SQL отсечет дубли (как DISTINCT). Для отсечения дублей SQL прибегает к сортировке. Это может сказываться на быстродействии.
Второй способ — объединение LEFT и RIGHT, но в одном из запросов мы исключаем часть, соответствующую INNER. А объединение задаём как UNION ALL, что позволяет движку SQL обойтись без сортировки.
(SELECT p.id, p.name `Имя сотрудника`, ps.id `pos.id`, ps.name `Должность`
FROM `persons` p
LEFT OUTER JOIN `positions` ps ON ps.id = p.post_id)
UNION ALL
(SELECT p.id, p.name `Имя сотрудника`, ps.id `pos.id`, ps.name `Должность`
FROM `persons` p
RIGHT OUTER JOIN `positions` ps ON ps.id = p.post_id
WHERE p.id IS NULL)
|
1 |
(SELECTp.id,p.name`Имясотрудника`,ps.id`pos.id`,ps.name`Должность` FROM`persons`p LEFT OUTER JOIN`positions`ps ON ps.id=p.post_id) UNION ALL (SELECTp.id,p.name`Имясотрудника`,ps.id`pos.id`,ps.name`Должность` FROM`persons`p RIGHT OUTER JOIN`positions`ps ON ps.id=p.post_id WHEREp.id ISNULL) |
Этот пример показывает нам как исключить пересечение и получить только левую или правую часть множества.
Demo Database
In this tutorial we will use the well-known Northwind sample database.
Below is a selection from the «Orders» table:
| OrderID | CustomerID | EmployeeID | OrderDate | ShipperID |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10308 | 2 | 7 | 1996-09-18 | 3 |
| 10309 | 37 | 3 | 1996-09-19 | 1 |
| 10310 | 77 | 8 | 1996-09-20 | 2 |
And a selection from the «Customers» table:
| CustomerID | CustomerName | ContactName | Address | City | PostalCode | Country |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Alfreds Futterkiste | Maria Anders | Obere Str. 57 | Berlin | 12209 | Germany |
| 2 | Ana Trujillo Emparedados y helados | Ana Trujillo | Avda. de la Constitución 2222 | México D.F. | 05021 | Mexico |
| 3 | Antonio Moreno Taquería | Antonio Moreno | Mataderos 2312 | México D.F. | 05023 | Mexico |
SQL References
SQL Keywords
ADD
ADD CONSTRAINT
ALTER
ALTER COLUMN
ALTER TABLE
ALL
AND
ANY
AS
ASC
BACKUP DATABASE
BETWEEN
CASE
CHECK
COLUMN
CONSTRAINT
CREATE
CREATE DATABASE
CREATE INDEX
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW
CREATE TABLE
CREATE PROCEDURE
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX
CREATE VIEW
DATABASE
DEFAULT
DELETE
DESC
DISTINCT
DROP
DROP COLUMN
DROP CONSTRAINT
DROP DATABASE
DROP DEFAULT
DROP INDEX
DROP TABLE
DROP VIEW
EXEC
EXISTS
FOREIGN KEY
FROM
FULL OUTER JOIN
GROUP BY
HAVING
IN
INDEX
INNER JOIN
INSERT INTO
INSERT INTO SELECT
IS NULL
IS NOT NULL
JOIN
LEFT JOIN
LIKE
LIMIT
NOT
NOT NULL
OR
ORDER BY
OUTER JOIN
PRIMARY KEY
PROCEDURE
RIGHT JOIN
ROWNUM
SELECT
SELECT DISTINCT
SELECT INTO
SELECT TOP
SET
TABLE
TOP
TRUNCATE TABLE
UNION
UNION ALL
UNIQUE
UPDATE
VALUES
VIEW
WHERE
MySQL Functions
String Functions
ASCII
CHAR_LENGTH
CHARACTER_LENGTH
CONCAT
CONCAT_WS
FIELD
FIND_IN_SET
FORMAT
INSERT
INSTR
LCASE
LEFT
LENGTH
LOCATE
LOWER
LPAD
LTRIM
MID
POSITION
REPEAT
REPLACE
REVERSE
RIGHT
RPAD
RTRIM
SPACE
STRCMP
SUBSTR
SUBSTRING
SUBSTRING_INDEX
TRIM
UCASE
UPPER
Numeric Functions
ABS
ACOS
ASIN
ATAN
ATAN2
AVG
CEIL
CEILING
COS
COT
COUNT
DEGREES
DIV
EXP
FLOOR
GREATEST
LEAST
LN
LOG
LOG10
LOG2
MAX
MIN
MOD
PI
POW
POWER
RADIANS
RAND
ROUND
SIGN
SIN
SQRT
SUM
TAN
TRUNCATE
Date Functions
ADDDATE
ADDTIME
CURDATE
CURRENT_DATE
CURRENT_TIME
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
CURTIME
DATE
DATEDIFF
DATE_ADD
DATE_FORMAT
DATE_SUB
DAY
DAYNAME
DAYOFMONTH
DAYOFWEEK
DAYOFYEAR
EXTRACT
FROM_DAYS
HOUR
LAST_DAY
LOCALTIME
LOCALTIMESTAMP
MAKEDATE
MAKETIME
MICROSECOND
MINUTE
MONTH
MONTHNAME
NOW
PERIOD_ADD
PERIOD_DIFF
QUARTER
SECOND
SEC_TO_TIME
STR_TO_DATE
SUBDATE
SUBTIME
SYSDATE
TIME
TIME_FORMAT
TIME_TO_SEC
TIMEDIFF
TIMESTAMP
TO_DAYS
WEEK
WEEKDAY
WEEKOFYEAR
YEAR
YEARWEEK
Advanced Functions
BIN
BINARY
CASE
CAST
COALESCE
CONNECTION_ID
CONV
CONVERT
CURRENT_USER
DATABASE
IF
IFNULL
ISNULL
LAST_INSERT_ID
NULLIF
SESSION_USER
SYSTEM_USER
USER
VERSION
SQL Server Functions
String Functions
ASCII
CHAR
CHARINDEX
CONCAT
Concat with +
CONCAT_WS
DATALENGTH
DIFFERENCE
FORMAT
LEFT
LEN
LOWER
LTRIM
NCHAR
PATINDEX
QUOTENAME
REPLACE
REPLICATE
REVERSE
RIGHT
RTRIM
SOUNDEX
SPACE
STR
STUFF
SUBSTRING
TRANSLATE
TRIM
UNICODE
UPPER
Numeric Functions
ABS
ACOS
ASIN
ATAN
ATN2
AVG
CEILING
COUNT
COS
COT
DEGREES
EXP
FLOOR
LOG
LOG10
MAX
MIN
PI
POWER
RADIANS
RAND
ROUND
SIGN
SIN
SQRT
SQUARE
SUM
TAN
Date Functions
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
DATEADD
DATEDIFF
DATEFROMPARTS
DATENAME
DATEPART
DAY
GETDATE
GETUTCDATE
ISDATE
MONTH
SYSDATETIME
YEAR
Advanced Functions
CAST
COALESCE
CONVERT
CURRENT_USER
IIF
ISNULL
ISNUMERIC
NULLIF
SESSION_USER
SESSIONPROPERTY
SYSTEM_USER
USER_NAME
MS Access Functions
String Functions
Asc
Chr
Concat with &
CurDir
Format
InStr
InstrRev
LCase
Left
Len
LTrim
Mid
Replace
Right
RTrim
Space
Split
Str
StrComp
StrConv
StrReverse
Trim
UCase
Numeric Functions
Abs
Atn
Avg
Cos
Count
Exp
Fix
Format
Int
Max
Min
Randomize
Rnd
Round
Sgn
Sqr
Sum
Val
Date Functions
Date
DateAdd
DateDiff
DatePart
DateSerial
DateValue
Day
Format
Hour
Minute
Month
MonthName
Now
Second
Time
TimeSerial
TimeValue
Weekday
WeekdayName
Year
Other Functions
CurrentUser
Environ
IsDate
IsNull
IsNumeric
SQL OperatorsSQL Data TypesSQL Quick Ref
